Saturday, July 27, 2024

Viveka Sloka 7 Tel Eng




అమృతత్త్వస్య నాశాస్తి విత్తేనేత్యేవ హి శ్రుతిః ।
బ్రవీతి కర్మణో ముక్తేరహేతుత్వం స్ఫుటం యతః ॥ 7॥

యతః = ఎందువలన అనగా, విత్తేన = ధనముచేత, అమృ తత్త్వస్య - = మోక్షమునకు, ఆశా - అశ, నాస్తి - లేదు, ఇత్యేవ= అని, శ్రుతిః = శ్రుతి, కర్మణః = కర్మ,, ముక్తేః = ముక్తికి, అహేతుత్వం - హేతువుకాదు అను విషయమును, స్ఫుటం - స్పష్టముగా, బ్రవీతి హి - చెప్పుచున్నదికదా?

amṛtattvasya nāśāsti vittēnētyēva hi śrutiḥ ।
bravīti karmaṇō muktērahētutvaṃ sphuṭaṃ yataḥ ॥ 7॥

The sloka begins with amritattva which means immortality or moksha. Only the humblest person among us wants to lead a life like birds that don't leave their footprints in the air. Many crave for a lasting impression like Shakespeare or even Sankara. It doesn't matter whether they deserve such an acclaim based on their feeble efforts in areas other than wealth accumulation. They can buy any honor or award with their wealth. They can buy almost anything but not liberation.

Since time immemorial money has been used as the medium to carry out transactions. The king is the richest in his kingdom by minting gold coins that the subjects can use to transact in lieu of barter where one gives an object in exchange for a service. In modern democracies the party with the most cash is likely to win in the elections. In capitalistic societies the rich go about their way of amassing wealth for hundreds of generations to come in their lineage.

Wealth traditionally is measured with gold, precious metals, precious stones and so on. For a scientist these are different arrangements of protons, electrons and neutrons. There is a need for them in real life but they have no more importance than iron, sand or rare earth minerals. Sankara had this perspective, the same temperament as a scientist, in this sloka. No matter how much wealth one amasses, liberation is not possible just by being rich. In other words, liberation is not for sale. The richest man can transport himself to a different planet like Mars or even to a distant galaxy without getting an inch closer to liberation.

We are trained from childhood to study physics, chemistry, biology and so on without verifying every word uttered by the lecturers or in printed form. Whereas when it comes to the scripture, we would like proof. It is not enough that thousands of generations preceded the industrial revolution and did just fine by performing vedic rituals. The air and water were pure. The population was in check. For the most part the society based on the four varnas functioned efficiently.

With wealth comes desire for sense gratification. After the senses quieten, sometimes at an early age, the man is motivated to study vedanta. Someone like Budha might want to give up his riches and seek enlightenment. Sankara didn't belong to any of these categories. He was born in a humble family. So one may question, since he was a pauper, wasn't he dragging everyone down to his economic level? Why should the rich or a graduate of science follow Sankara's advice who had nothing to lose? One might say in all honesty, "My family invested millions in my education and now you want me to renounce all for an elusive liberation".

All of these are valid criticism. Sankara is of the lineage that didn't covet wealth for they viewed knowledge as the most precious of all. (In Vishnu Sahasram it was said "saravagno gnaana muttamam".) When everyone ran after the wealth, Sankara's forefathers ran after knowledge. It was said with gold you can transact anywhere in the world. But gold can be stolen, lost or melted away. Knowledge, on the other hand, can be carried to anywhere and used to turn a profit. Just the other day, there was this news that Indians working overseas contribute billions of dollars every year to India's central bank by sending some of their earnings to their families. How could they do it without knowledge? One might be tempted to say they do physical labor that doesn't require much knowledge. The reality is many of them seek academic or skill training before they are transitioned to their particular overseas jobs. Among them engineers and scientists predominate. So in their case knowledge is the primary progenitor for wealth creation.

If you have more stamina, you can argue that the knowledge used to generate wealth is not vedic. So the scripture had nothing to do with the modern success stories. When you look at the climate change since the dawn of industrial revolution, you can see that the education imparted in the modern universities is a cause for concern. Man with his ever indulgent ways is committing hara-kiri by polluting nature. When our rishis performed fire rituals, they used to offer herbs in the fire to cleanse the air. Where there were no rains, the fire rituals performed provided the reprieve. There is no modern technology that can limit the rainfall in a region and avoid flood damage that includes even loss of life. We are prisoners, by choice and blindly following science and technology, like spiders spinning the web and falling prey to their own making. Of course, the uber rich would like to leave the earth in disrepair behind and fly away to a different planet.

So whatever our rishis did, they had done it for the sake of the world (loka kalyana). They strived to pass on to future generations a better world than they inherited, including the truths their ancestors held that have stood the test of time. Scripture is the final authority because it is a cumulative wisdom of thousands of generations of ascetics who are neither gullible nor ignorant. There is no inflationary expectation here other than we want to experience heaven on earth. Whatever our scripture glorifies as heaven, vaikuntha or kailasa is possible now and here. For the modern men who want instant gratification this should sit well. Like salt to food, adding a modicum of vedanta to one's life will make the whole experience of life on earth infinitely gratifying (poornam).

Impatience, in many a time, is the root cause of suffering. Men are impatient to be wealthy and successful. They want to achieve fame and liberation before they have completed the due diligence. As mangoes are being ripened with chemicals rather than on the trees, men are subjecting themselves to toxic stress in the name of ambition. Scientists want to roll out new inventions and discoveries faster by making extraordinary claims for fifteen minutes of fame in the media.

The population explosion we see is the direct consequence of ignoring scripture. Marthya loka is a home for more humans than ever before since the earliest population census. Man with his innate desire for longevity advanced medicine that extended the lifespan. As more people lived longer and over-stayed their sojourn in marthya loka, naturally the population would increase with fewer people exiting and more people arriving. How did the ancient rishis handle this? According to the law of karma, the lifespan is preordianed by the prarabda karma. When herculean efforts are made to treat terminal illnesses such as cancer, that are a consequence of prarabda to begin with, people's quality of life suffers and they lead a vegetative life. Further, the lifespan of the next birth will be limited by the ubiquitous law of karma (this explains why some noble people die early). Sankara attained nirvana at an early age and accomplished a great deal which modern men find hard to match. Many men living for a hundred years have stopped being productive half way in their lives. The social security, such as pension, offered in various societies, is stretched beyond limits as more and more older people vie for limited resource. Hence younger people are asked to pay more in taxes to buttress social security fund.

The rishis of the yore didn't go to the populace and shove the scripture down its throats. They stayed in their high perches and generously offered their advice to whoever sought it. In other words, there were no copyrights on their works and royalties to be collected. In their magnanimity they advised rulers and ordinary men alike without expecting anything in return. The ascetic Dadeechi was known to have made the ultimate sacrifice by offering his body to craft the weapon Vajra wielded by Indra to kill demons.

Another viewpoint held by the sages is that life on earth is a play directed by the paramatma and enacted by all life forms. It is to please Him that we must perform karma. As Bhagavad Gita says we only have the right to perform karma but not expect its fruits. In Kali yuga as people kill one another, we are supposed to think of it as a consequence of their karma. Accordingly sorrow or happiness is because of one's karma in past lives. The ascetics had forecast that Kalki avatar would arrive on earth at the end of Kali yuga to destroy the evil forces. On the other hand, the evil people, who had enacted malicious deeds based on their prarabda karma, dying in the hands of Kalki, also will merge with Him alongside the noble people during pralaya when cosmic waters cover the entire world.

As the jagat guru, Sankara was chiding those who think wealth automatically engenders salvation. He is, unlike a socialist, asking his disciples to practice vedanta no matter what profession they are in. Of course, as all good consumer products advertise, the user must follow directions for best results. We will see them when studying the master's teaching to follow.

Sunday, July 21, 2024

Viveka Sloka 6 Tel Eng





వదంతు శాస్త్రాణి యజంతు దేవాన్ (పాఠభేదః - పఠంతు)
కుర్వంతు కర్మాణి భజంతు దేవతాః ।
ఆత్మైక్యబోధేన వినాపి ముక్తి- (పాఠభేదః - వినా విముక్తిః న)
ర్న సిధ్యతి బ్రహ్మశతాంతరేఽపి ॥ 6॥

శాస్త్రాణి = శాస్త్రములను, పఠన్తు - పఠింతురుగాక దేవాన్ ఇంద్రాదిదేవతలను, యజంతు - యజ్ఞములచే సేవింతురుగాక; కర్మాణీ - కర్మలను, కుర్వoతు = చేయుదురుగాక; దేవతాః - దేవతలను; భజంతు - ఉపాసింతురుగాక. ఆత్మైక్యబోధేన వినా- ఆత్మైక్యజ్ఞానము లేకుండగా, బ్రహ్మశతాంతరేఽపి = నూరు బ్రహ్మాంతరములలో గూడ, విముక్తి - ముక్తి, న సిద్ధ్యతి = సిద్ధింపదు

vadantu śāstrāṇi yajantu dēvān (pāṭhabhēdaḥ - paṭhantu)
kurvantu karmāṇi bhajantu dēvatāḥ ।
ātmaikyabōdhēna vināpi mukti- (pāṭhabhēdaḥ - vinā vimuktiḥ na)
rna sidhyati brahmaśatāntarē'pi ॥ 6॥

A number of us have personal gods that are propitiated with pooja or prayed to in some form. The devotees among us recite, chant, sing praises of our favorite god. Some well to do will perform rituals, sacrifices, visit temples and holy sites to perform abhishekas, archanas and so on.

The more devout will read (pathana), listen (sravana) and meditate (nidhidyasana) over the scripture. We think following a set routine to do these things will bring us closer to the liberation we all seek. It could mean attaining heaven, vaikuntha, kailasa or brahma loka. Deviating from the set routine, for the superstitious, will cause anxiety. Missing pooja for a day, one fears, will bring bad karma. The superstitious devotees are the most pitiable. By falling into a rut, they may experience closeness to their god, but not liberation.

Attaining heaven can't be liberation for one returns to marthya loka after exhausting the punya. In Bhaja Govinda hymn Sankara says "punarapi jananam, punarapi maranam, punarapi jananee jathare sayanam". It means one has to be born again and again to exhaust karma and vasanas (latent tendencies) unless one aspires for liberation from the birth-death cycle.

Sankara says even in countless births liberation is not possible when all one does is pooja, rituals, sacrifices, abhishekas, archanas in every birth. Liberation is complete cessation of birth. So what one is to do without birth? Where will he be? What form will he be in? Why is it esoteric knowledge?

Sankara answers these questions in the subsequent slokas. Liberation is knowing the Self and merging with paramatma who has no karma and attributes (nirgunam), is infinite (poornam), one without a second (adviteeyam). By knowing the Self, one understands that all the creation has the same Self. Strictly there is nothing to merge with. We are already a part of the universal consciousness. The complete awareness that the Self in you is the same as the Self in me itself is liberation from feelings of disharmony, competition, one-upmanship and struggle.

Some are afraid of deviating from their routine and embracing Sankara's advice as that might engender the wrath of god. For them god has vengence alongside love (otherwise why would the gods have weapons?). They think the only way to avoid retribution from their god is to constantly pray to him at every opportunity. Sankara is implicitly debunking the assumption that god is vengeful. So not doing pooja for a few days or altogether stop it won't hurt the god. This doesn't mean pooja has no benefit. It keeps the thought order exceptional and sets the rhythm in life. Other than that it has nothing to do with liberation. All the strife one experiences in life is because of past karma (prarabda) only. God is there as a witness and to lend a helping hand when his devotee falls off from sadhana.

Some justify their sadhana as a way to mitigate bad karma or even nullify it. They think good karma will offset the bad, like a company's balance sheet of credit, debit, loss or profit. This is far from reality. No matter how much sadhana one does, the bad karma has to be reaped. That's why bad and good experiences alternate. There is no complete happiness outside heaven. Nor is there complete sadness.

From science we know that all life has DNA in common. So one can say Sankara's reference to atma is the same as DNA. It is true but not entirely. The DNA of plants and animals differ in subtle ways. A scientist can't turn a chimpanzee into a man in the laboratory. Whereas a rock has no DNA, according to Sankara, it has the same Self as you and me.

Thursday, July 18, 2024

Viveka Index

Viveka Choodamani

Sloka 1-2
Sloka 3-4
Sloka 5
Sloka 6
Sloka 7
Sloka 8
Sloka 9
Sloka 10
Sloka 11
Sloka 12
Sloka 13
Sloka 14
Sloka 15
Sloka 16

Viveka Sloka 5 Tel Eng





ఇతః కో న్వస్తి మూఢాత్మా యస్తు స్వార్థే ప్రమాద్యతి ।
దుర్లభం మానుషం దేహం ప్రాప్య తత్రాపి పౌరుషమ్ ॥ 5॥

యః- ఎవడు, దుర్లభం - పొందుటకు కష్టమైన, మానుషం దేహం = మనుష్యదేహమును, తత్రాపి - అందులోను, పౌరుషం = పురుషదేహమును, ప్రాప్య - పొంది, స్వార్థే- స్వభావవిషయమున, ప్రమాద్యతీ = శ్రద్ధార హితుడై ప్రమాదమును చెందునో, ఇతః- ఇట్టి వానికంటే, మూఢాత్మా - మూడబుద్ధి గలవాడు, కోనం - ఎవడు, అస్తి- ఉన్నారు.

itaḥ kō nvasti mūḍhātmā yastu svārthē pramādyati ।
durlabhaṃ mānuṣaṃ dēhaṃ prāpya tatrāpi pauruṣam ॥ 5॥

All men are blessed to attain the most perfect form the evolution can grant with the mind and intellect to match. A rock or tree has to wait for millenia before they can be human. A rock has to wither into soil from which a tree can grow. A man has to eat the fruit of the tree. His sperm has to then successfully mate with a female's egg before a human child can be born. The odds stacked against the rock turning into a human are indeed very high.

Based on the scientifically accepted Darwin's theory of evolution, humans have evolved from animals. One can imagine the various stages of life given the diversity of the animal kingdom. The universe is 13 billions of years old, as per science, so evolution took place for billions of years before the arrival of man.

But, for most men, the intellect hasn't marched foward. They are slaves to their senses and have no aptitude for self redemption and spiritual enlightenment. Many intelligent and educated men question the verasity of vedas and scripture. While some are inspired by the wonderful stories in the scripture, they don't want anything to do with religion. Chanting thousands of archaic sanskrit names of gods and goddesses is considered a waste of time. They would rather watch TV or play video games on the phone.

Scripture is a true account of god's manifestation as avataras to redeem the men at various points in time. What's gained by remembering the moral intricacies taught in treta yuga? Where is the need to read about the rules of warfare adopted in dwapara yuga? Is it humanly possible to recite the four hundred thousand slokas that constitute the scripture in one life time let alone remembering them by heart?

The adage "those forgetting history are condemned to repeat it" is apt here. When we read the scripture, we observe that in each avatara god protected dharma. Is dharma absolute or relative? Does dharma change from time to time? Is there a kali yuga dharma that is radically different from that of treta or dwapara yuga? Where is the need for Lord Krishna to perform surya namaskara, when the entire universe was created by him? Seeking answers to such questions, by reading the scripture, promotes a healthier approach to living and experiencing the world.

If we did nothing with our karma indriyas (hands, legs and private organs), we still would be performing karma as the Gitacharya stated. There is no time when we are not doing karma. Even when sleeping the body breathes and repairs itself. An idle man is an oxymoron in that sense.

Sankara is saying a man frittering away this enormous opportunity to transform from an average man to a god-man is a travesty. A man of able mind may not have attained a perfect physical form, but he has the opportunity to evolve mentally and intellectually and become a giant among the men for the evolution of mind and intellect are not nudged by the nature. It happens within as a man thinks and reflects on the experience he has gained. That means meditating, doing pooja, performing vedic rituals or serving a guru.

Vedanta classifies knowledge under two labels: vidya and avidya. Vidya is the knowledge in vedas and scripture. The rest is avidya. If one wonders why is modern technology avidya, it is constantly changing and evolving. The vedas and scripture remain immutable even though their interpretation may change. Even in Sankara's time there were occupations like goldsmith, farmer, actor and so on. They may not be as sophisticated as their modern counterparts, nevertheless they were skilled in avidya. Sankara is implicitly saying an able man is a fool to go after avidya ignoring knowledge about Self. Also hidden in the meaning whatever Sankara henceforth pronounces is vidya.

A householder, to eke out a living, has to acquire knowledge that is called avidya. Whereas, a sannyasi or an ascetic who takes biskha from others is only interested in vidya. A householder can transform into a sannyasi at an advanced age by evincing interest in vidya. Sankara is not ruling out avidya as unnecessary. Only for a sannyasi it is to be avoided.

On the other hand, Sankara composed many hymns and stotras which don't fit the strict definition of vidya. It shows that a mumukshu has to try all means, most importantly have a desire, to attain mukshu.

Thursday, July 11, 2024

Viveka Sloka 3 to 4 Tel Eng




దుర్లభం త్రయమేవైతద్దేవానుగ్రహహేతుకమ్ ।
మనుష్యత్వం ముముక్షుత్వం మహాపురుషసంశ్రయః ॥ 3॥
durlabhaṃ trayamēvaitaddēvānugrahahētukam ।
manuṣyatvaṃ mumukṣutvaṃ mahāpuruṣasaṃśrayaḥ ॥ 3॥

మనుష్యత్వం-మనుష్యత్వము, ముముక్షుత్వం-మోక్షేచ్ఛకలుగుట, మహాపురుషసంశ్రయః --మహాపురుషుని ఆశ్రయము అనెడు ఏకత్-ఈ త్రయం = త్రయము, దుర్లభమ్ - కష్టముచే లభించునది. దైవానుగ్రహ హేతుకం ఏవ = దై వానుగ్రహమే హేతువుగా కలది (దైవానుగ్రహము చేతనే కలుగును).

Sankara reiterates what has been stated in Sloka 2. The desires for salvation by a man and tutelage under a capable guru are hard to achieve. It is only possible by the grace of the god which is already there, to some extent, as the man evolved with good karma from rocks, plants, animals to a human birth. Once attaining human birth, the man should seek inner evolution. That is the fulfillment of god's wish who loves all life forms and wants them to attain him.

Ramana Maharshi had advised his visitors to introspect on "Who am I?". Veda provides a ready answer as "aham brahmosmi" or "I am brahman". What is meant is, we are all capable to merge with brahman, the ultimate reality and without a second, by sadhana (spiritual effort). Otherise, the mahavakya is ambiguous. Without the desire for salvation, in what way are we similar to brahman who is omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent, birthless, without a second, free from karma? We are puny, caught in bondage, slave to vasanas (subconscious desires), stuck in karmic cycle. Most of us are encumbered with so many responsibilities contemplating on brahman at all times is a luxury that is best left for ascetics who are dispassionate and have renounced samsara.

Thus, not all of us can be sadhakas. Unlike sadhakas who aspire to put an end to rebirth or transmigration, most of us only wish for heaven and bliss. Attaining heaven is a lofty goal but it is only a sojourn with the eventual rebirth after all of the punya is exhausted in heavenly comforts. A sadhaka desires to transcend heaven. He is not just happy with the arrangements in marthya loka (earthly plane). Nor is he satisifed with the promise of a happy life in heaven to enjoy the company of Indra, apsarasas, devas.

Almost all religions have the concept of heaven. This has a salubrious effect by encouraging the devotees to stay away from committing sin. The warring class is enticed by the heavenly pleasures. So they say "We will seek revenge by wiping out the enemy or attain heaven thereby enjoying a happy life either way". The Kurukshetra war was waged with this promise from the Lord to Arjuna (Bhagavad Gita 2.20): "Arjuna fight you must. If you win, you will enjoy the royal life. If you lose, you will revel in the comforts of heaven".

A real sadhaka, on the other hand, is not satisfied with Lord's enticement. To illustrate, in the 11th skanda of Bhagavata there is a reference to Markandeya rishi who was disinterested even in moksha. When Lord Vishnu offered him a boon, he wanted to experience his maya rather than stay in his abode Vaikuntha. When Lord Siva, impressed by the sage's asceticism, offered his abode Kailasa to stay, the sage gave a long response whose gist is "No, thanks". A sadhaka is a Sage Markandeya in the making. However, he is still harboring a desire for moksha and strictly speaking, not dispassionate.

లబ్ధ్వా కథంచిన్నరజన్మ దుర్లభం (పాఠభేదః - కథంచిన్)
తత్రాపి పుంస్త్వం శ్రుతిపారదర్శనమ్ ।
యస్త్వాత్మముక్తౌ న యతేత మూఢధీః
స హ్యాత్మహా స్వం వినిహంత్యసద్గ్రహాత్ ॥ 4॥ (పాఠభేదః - ఆత్మహా స్వం)
labdhvā kathañchinnarajanma durlabhaṃ (pāṭhabhēdaḥ - kathañchin)
tatrāpi puṃstvaṃ śrutipāradarśanam ।
yastvātmamuktau na yatēta mūḍhadhīḥ
sa hyātmahā svaṃ vinihantyasadgrahāt ॥ 4॥ (pāṭhabhēdaḥ - ātmahā svaṃ)

దుర్లభం - దుర్లభమైన, నరజన్మ- మనుష్య జన్మను, కథంచిత్ -ఎటులనో, లబ్ధ్వి - పొంది, తత్రాపి - అందును, పుంస్త్వం - పురుషత్వమును, శ్రుతిపారదర్శనం - శాస్త్రాంత జ్ఞానమును, (పొంది). యః = ఏ, మూఢధీః == మూఢబుద్ధికలవాడు, స్త్వాత్మముక్త్యే - తన యొక్క మోక్షము కొరకు, న యతేత - ప్రయత్నించడో, సః - అతడు. ఆత్మహా = ఆత్మఘాతుకుడు, అసర్గ్రహాత్ - చెడ్డపట్టుదలవలన, స్వం= తనను, వినిహన్తి — చంపుచున్నాడు (నశింపచేసికొనుచున్నాడు).

Here the downside of one who doesn't try for self-realization has been stated. After millions of births, a human birth is attained. That to a masculine one. After having been exposed to the scripture, for him not to seek self-realization is a travesty. Indeed Sankara states it is self-annihilation in a metaphorical way because atma cannot be destroyed by hara-kiri.

Men who are caught in samsara shirk at the thought of severing all familial bonds and turning into sannyasis to contemplate on brahman. They would rather run after fleeting objects and submit themselves to their senses. They don't realize their real nature which is all pervading consciousness that extends from the brahman to a tiny bacterium. They surround themselves with layers of psychological and physical barriers for enlightenment, go after a variegated world of pleasures seen through the lens of body, mind, intellect and not realize the self that provides lasting comfort and liberation. They mistake happiness for bliss and the maya as real thus completely lacking the correct discernment and discrimination.

In the earlier yugas, the kings, after bequeathing their kingdoms to progeny, pursued vanaprastha and sannyasa asramas which are the means for self-realization. How did they leave behind royal comforts? Where did they get the courage to stay in forests without a retinue to defend them amidst wild animals?

In Brihadaranyaka upanishad, Sage Yagyavalkya carries out a conversation with his wife Maitreyi about his desire to leave her behind to embrace vanaprasta asrama. The vedas implicitly state that one should ideally enter vanaprasta and sannyasa asramas after leading a householder life. So the samsara is prescribed as a stepping stone to inculcate vairagya (renunciation).

Goutama Budha left behind his family and royalty to seek enlightenment. How could he do that? What if he failed in his mission? At one point, when he was preaching in Kosala kingdom, his father welcomed him to the palace and continue his pursuits from there. Even that Budha didn't entertain for a moment.

Sankara himself tricked his mother to become a sannyasi. He pretended that he was caught by a crocodile while taking bath in a river and sought his mother's approval to seek sannyasa as a last wish. Needless to say his mother granted him the wish and he went on to become the greatest expounder of advaita (non-duality)--a jagat guru. He trekked from south to north of India several times and convinced many to follow him.

Many of us are inspired by Budha, Sankara et al. and would like to learn from them the metaphysics of life and death. While we are desirous of self-realization, we are not willing to do due diligence. The life of an ascetic is not for everyone. In the coming slokas, we learn that an ascetic has to live on biksha (alms) and not hoard anything including food. If he can't obtain biksha he has to sleep with hunger. Also a sannyasi can't depend on a single household for biksha as that will create bondage. He has to move from place to place frequently and not stay rooted to one place. He must dwell in caves or in the outskirts of civilian places.

Although most of us are not ready for the life of an ascetic, why are we fascinated by them? It is the offshoot of scripture. We are curious to know what vedas profess. It can be idle curiousity nevertheless. Besides we need something to worship and fulfill our desires-- sort of an anchor in the rough seas of life. Lord Sri Krishna said (Bhagavata 10th skanda) ascetics are superior to gods in granting wishes and the dust on their feet is holy.

Thursday, July 4, 2024

Viveka Sloka 1 to 2 Tel Eng




శ్రీ వివేకచూడామణి ఆంధ్రవ్యాఖ్యాసమేతము

మంగళాచరణము

sarvavēdāntasiddhāntagōcharaṃ tamagōcharam ।
gōvindaṃ paramānandaṃ sadguruṃ praṇatō'smyaham ॥ 1॥
jantūnāṃ narajanma durlabhamataḥ puṃstvaṃ tatō vipratā
tasmādvaidikadharmamārgaparatā vidvattvamasmātparam ।
ātmānātmavivēchanaṃ svanubhavō brahmātmanā saṃsthitiḥ
muktirnō śatajanmakōṭisukṛtaiḥ puṇyairvinā labhyatē ॥ 2॥ (pāṭhabhēdaḥ - śatakōṭijanmasu kṛtaiḥ)

Sankara begins by describing the ideal recipients of the gnana in this text. He says it is hard to obtain a human birth. It is harder to be born as a purusha (man). It is even more rare for such a person to be a dwija (twice born). A dwija interested in vaidika (veda based) dharma is the rarest.

సర్వవేదాన్తసిద్ధాన్తగోచరం తమగోచరమ్. 
గోవిన్దం పరమానన్ద సద్గురుం ప్రణమామ్యహమ్.

సర్వవేదాన్త సిద్ధాన్త గోచరం - సమస్తములైన ఉపనిషత్తుల సిద్ధాంతములకు గోచరుడై నట్టియు, ఆగోచరం - బుద్ధీంద్రియాదులకు గోచరింప నట్టియు, పరమానన్దం - పరమానంద స్వరూపుడైనట్టియు, సద్గురుం = సద్గురువైన, కం గోవిన్దం = ఆ గోవిన్ద స్వరూపులగు గోవించ భగవత్పాదాచార్యుని, అహం = నేను ప్రణమామి = నమస్కరించు చున్నాను.

బ్రహ్మనిష్టామహ త్త్వము

జంతూనాం నరజన్మ దుర్లభమతః పుంస్త్వం తతో విప్రతా
తస్మాద్వైదికధర్మమార్గపరతా విద్వత్త్వమస్మాత్పరమ్ ।
ఆత్మానాత్మవివేచనం స్వనుభవో బ్రహ్మాత్మనా సంస్థితిః
ముక్తిర్నో శతజన్మకోటిసుకృతైః పుణ్యైర్వినా లభ్యతే ॥ 2॥ (పాఠభేదః - శతకోటిజన్మసు కృతైః)

జన్తూనాం = ప్రాణులకు, నరజన్మ - మనుష్య జన్మ, దుర్లభం = కష్టముచే లభ్యమైనది, అతః - దానికంటే, పుంస్త్వం- పురుషత్వము, అతః =.దానికం టె, విప్రతా = బ్రాహ్మణత్వము. తస్మాత్ = దానికంటే, వై దికధర్మమార్గ పరతా = వైదిక ధర్మమార్గమునందు ఆసక్తి, తస్మాత్ = దానికం టె, పరం=అధికముగా, విద్వత్త్వం = పండితత్వము(దుర్లభము). అత్మానాత్మవివేచనం = ఇది ఆత్మ, ఇది ఆత్మభిన్నము అను వివేకము, స్వనుభవః = బాగుగా అనుభవము, బ్రహ్మాత్మానా = బ్రహ్మరూపముతో, సంస్థితిః = ఉనికి యను రూపముగల, ముక్తిః = ముక్తియు, శతకోటి జన్మను = వందకోట్ల జన్మలయందు, కృతైః - చేయబడిన, పుణ్యైర్వినా = పుణ్యములు లేకుండగా, నో లభ్యతే - పొంద బడదు.

Here it is implied the same soul is repeatedly born as a plant, an animal, a human and so on. Otherwise there is no continuity between births. To understand this text, the reader has to be both a theist as well as a believer in atma.

Sankara calls an ideal recipient a purusha. Nowadays men and women are considered equals. Both are eligible to receive Sankara's knowledge. However, a male is more likely to carry out the arduous sadhanas like meditation, reading scripture, reflection in mind and intellect. Despite technological progress with gender equality, women are generally associated with love of children, caring, tenderness and homely duties. Not to say, there are no men who do these. Conversely, women perform traditional masculine duties such as single mothers.

A dwija can be a brahmin, a kshatriya or a vysya who is eligible for thread marriage or upanayana. Sankara seems to say a brahmin is more suitable to be a sadhaka. What it actually means is, anyone situated in sattva guna (tranquility) is eligible. A kshatriya, associated with rajo-guna (activity) or a vysya immersed in business transactions has no suitable mental calibre and intellectual commitment to receive the gnana Sankara is espousing. Even among brahmins, by mere accident of the birth, the sannyasis (renouncers) are most suitable. A sannyasi has no passion for worldly matters and revels in the deep contemplation about brahman.

It is not unreasonable to spell out the qualifications of a sadhaka by the jagat guru. Anyone seeking a job knows about job requirements like an academic degree, height, weight and so on. A soldier is expected to be of a certain physique. Whereas a doctor is expected to have medical knowledge and skill even if lacking a robust physique. Thus, Sankara is implicitly saying, if you are not a theist and a believer in atma you are not qualified. If you qualify, you can be called a sadhaka. Furthermore, a sadhaka should be willing to study the scripture, not just idle browsing, but with mental reflection and intellectual acumen. These are better done under the tutelage of a guru who accepts a disciple only if qualified and not anyone who is merely interested to peek into the scripture out of perfunctory curiosity.

Even with a guru, the sadhaka should be able to concentrate and show commitment to be a mumukshu (one interested in moksha). The ultimate reward for a mumukshu is the mukti (salvation). So he has to pine for and ardently wish for an egress from the unreal world under the cover of maya. He must be able to discriminate between atma and not-atma, real and unreal. A mumukshu has to raise above emotions, feelings and opinions of others to understand that the substratum for the world is one single Truth. A stone, a plant, an animal can be viewed as possessing atma with different degrees of awareness. While a stone has no awareness, a plant responds to external stimuli indicating a modicum of awareness. An animal might have feelings and emotional pangs. A human, on the other hand, has full awareness with rationality to realize atma, reality and Truth.

వ్యాఖ్యానువాదము :

శ్రీ చంద్రశేఖర భారతీస్వాములు అనుగ్రహించిన వ్యాఖ్యకు అనువాదము.

అంతవిహీనభీకరభవాంబుధి మగ్న జనాళిఁ బ్రోవ న 

త్యంత కృపావశంవదత నాత్త నృసింహయతీంద్రరూపుఁడై, 

ధ్వాంత సదృక్ష ఘోరజడతా వినికృంతనదక్షు దక్షిణా

 శాంతముఖున్ కృపాజలధి నాదృతితో ననిశంబు గొల్చెదన్. 

భగవత్పాదార్చితపద

యుగ,  యోవాగ్దేవి, కరుణ యొప్పార మదిన్

దగనిల్చి వ్యాఖ్య వ్రాయుమి

సుగమంబుగ నీ వివేకచూడామణికిన్.

సుప్రసన్న మయ్యు సూక్ష్మగంభీరంబు

దేశికేశు వాక్య దివ్య సరణి,

దీని భావ మెల్ల దీప్తమై నా మది

చేరఁ దీయుమమ్మ శారదాంబ ! 

ఓ రత్నగర్భ గణపతి!

 కారుణనిధాన ! విఘ్న ఘనరూపోద్య

ద్ఘోరాంధకార భాస్కర!

పూరింపుము వ్యాఖ్య సుగుణపూరితరీతిన్.

 బ్రహ్మవిద్యాశ్రయా! దేవ! భద్రమూర్తి 

చంద్రమౌళీశ! కర లసద్ జ్ఞానముద్ర 

 స్వానుభూతి నొసంగు నా భావమందు వ్యాఖ్య

 వ్రాసెద నాచార్య వాక్యములకు. 

ఆశోచ్యా నన్వశోచస్త్వం ప్రజ్ఞావాదాంశ్చ భాషసే 

 గతాసూనగతాసూంశ్చ నాను శోచన్తి  పండితాః. 1

"నీవు మహాబుద్ధిమంతునివలె మాటలు చెప్పుచున్నావు. కాని దుఃఖింపదగని వారినిగూర్చి దుఃఖించుచున్నావు. పండితులగువారు మరణించిన వారినిగూర్చియు, జీవించియున్న వారినిగూర్చియు దుఃఖింపరు." ఇవి శ్రీకృష్ణుడు అర్జునునితో పల్కిన మాటలు (భ.గీ. 2.11). ఈ శ్లోకము గీతాశాస్త్రార్థమునంతయు సంగ్రహముగ బోధించుచున్నది.

ఇట్లే "జన్తూనాం నరజన్మ” అను ఈ శ్లోకము వివేకచూడామణి నామకమగు ఈ ప్రకరణ గ్రంథమందు ప్రతిపాద్యమగు విషయమునంతయు సంగ్రహముగ సూచించుచున్నది. ఆస్తికునకు మాత్రమే ఈ శాస్త్రమునందు అధికారము. అందుచే “జన్తూనాం నరజన్మ దుర్ల భమ్ " అను మాటలలో నరజన్మ ప్రాశస్త్యమును చెప్పుచు తద్వారా శరీరవ్యతిరేక మగు ఆత్మ యనునది ఒకటి ఉన్నదను విషయమును ధ్వనింపజేయుచున్నాడు. కావుననే శారీరక భాష్యమునందు బుద్ధిపూర్వకముగ ప్రవర్తించువానికి, ఆత్మకు పర లోకసంబంధ మున్నదను విషయము తెలియకున్నచో శాస్త్రీయములగు కర్మల నాచరించుట మొదలగు వ్యవహారమునందు అధికారము లేకున్నను... " అని చెప్పబడియున్నది.

జన్తూనాం=జన్మించు స్వభావముగల ప్రాణులకు, నరజన్మ = మనుష్యత్వము, దుర్లభం=దుర్లభమైనది అని దీని యర్ధము. ఒక్కడే అనేక జన్మములుపొందుటకు అవకాశమున్నపుడు మాత్రమే " నరజన్మము దుర్లభము" అని చెప్పుట పొసగును. జన్మము అనగా శరీరసంబంధమే కదా? ఈ విధముగ ఒకనికి అనేక శరీరసంబంధ ములుండునని చెప్పుటచే ఆత్మ శరీరముకంటె భిన్నమైనదను విషయము సూచితము. అనేకములగు పుష్పములు గ్రుచ్చిన దారము ఆ పుష్పములకంటె భిన్నమైనది; అనేక వస్త్రములను ఒక్కమారుగా గాని, వేరువేరు సమయములందు గాని ధరించు శరీరము వాటికంటె భిన్నమైనది అను విషయము సర్వ విదితమే!

కావున సుఖహేతువగు శరీరము లభింపవలె నన్నచో, దుఃఖ హేతువగు శరీరము లభింపకుండవలె నన్నచో పుణ్యము చేయవలెను; పాపాచరణమునుండి మరలవలెను. ఈ విధముగ విధి నిషేధాత్మకమగు శాస్త్రమునందు ఆస్తికునకు మాత్రమే అనగా వేదప్రామాణ్యమును, శరీరభిన్నమగు ఆత్మ యున్నదను విషయమును నమ్మువానికి మాత్రమే అధికారము. జ్ఞానముద్వారా సకల కర్మలను తొలగించుకొనుటకై మోక్ష శాస్త్రమునందు గూడ ఆస్తికునకే అధికారము.

It is also implied that to lead a happy life one should have had performed karma that engenders punya. Sinful karma can only cause unhappiness. Therefore, one has to perform the karma ordained by the vedas besides believing in atma, to receive the full impetus of Sankara's teaching.

శరీరమే ఆత్మయైనచో అది ప్రత్యక్షసిద్ధమే కావున దాని దర్శనమునకై సాధనములను విధించుచు చెప్పిన “ఆత్మా వా అరే ద్రష్టవ్యః శ్రోతవ్యో మన్తవ్యో నిదిధ్యాసితవ్యం” (ఆత్మను చూడవలెను... సాక్షాత్కరింప జేసికొనవలెను, వినవలెను, మననముచేయవలెను, ధ్యానింపవలెను) మొదలగు వాక్యములు అనుపపన్నములగును.

If the physical body is perceived as atma, which it can't be, then the statements made in the scripture such as "see atma", "deify atma", "hear about atma", "meditate on atma" are ambiguous.

ఒకేవ్యక్తి, శుభాశుభమిశ్రములగు కర్మల నాచరించుటచే విజాతీయమగు (విశిష్టమగు) శరీరము లభించునని " శుభై రాప్నోతి దేవత్వం నిషిద్ధైర్నారకిo తనుమ్, ఉభాభ్యాం పుణ్య పాపా భ్యాం మానుష్యం లభతే అ వశః” (జీవుడు) శుభకర్మలచే దేవత్వ మును, నిషిద్ధ కర్మలచే నరకయోగ్యమగు శరీరమును, పుణ్యపాప ములు రెండును ఆచరించుటచే మనుష్య శరీరమును పొందును, దీనిని తప్పించుకొనజాలడు - ఇత్యాది వాక్యములు చెప్పుచున్నవి.

కానిచో లోకమునందు కానవచ్చుచున్న సుఖదుఃఖాది వైచిత్ర్యము ఎట్లు కుదురును ? వారి వారి కర్మలనుబట్టి కాక.. ఈశ్వరుడే కొందరు ప్రాణులను సుఖవంతులుగను, కొందరిని దుఃఖ వంతులుగసు చేయును అని యన్నచో ఈశ్వరునకు పక్షపాతము, దయారాహిత్యము ఉన్నవని చెప్పినట్లగును. అట్లైనచో అతని ఈశ్వరత్వమునకే భంగము వాటిల్లును. ఈ విషయమునే (బాదరాయణుడు) "వైషమ్యనైర్ఘృణ్యే న సాపేక్షత్వాత్" (ఈశ్వరునకు పక్షపాతము, నిర్దయత్వము ఆపాదించేవా? అపాదించవు. ఆయన కర్మలనుబట్టి ఇట్టి భిన్నరూపులకు జీవులను సృష్టించుచున్నాడు.)

ఈ విషయమునే శ్రుతీ ప్రతిపాదించుచున్నది. "న కర్మావిభాగాదితి చేత్తో నానాదిత్వాత్ " (కర్మవిభాగము కుదరదు కాన ఈశ్వరునకు కర్మా పేక్షత్వము చెప్పుట యుక్తముకాదు అని యనరాదు; ఏలయన కర్మ సంసారాదికము, అనాది). ఉపపద్యతే చాప్యుపలభ్యతే చ (కర్మ సంసారాదుల యనాదిత్వము యుక్తి సంగతము : శాస్త్రోక్తము) ఇత్యాది సూత్రములచే ఈశ్వరుడు కర్మసాపేక్షుడనియు, సంసారము అనాది యనియు చెప్పియున్నాడు. (జీవుని) ధర్మమగు సంసారము అనాదియైనచో దానికి (సంసారమునకు) ఆశ్రయభూతుడగు సంసారి (జీవుడు) అనాదియని వేరుగ చెప్పవలెనా?

The Law of Karma is universal. Because of the law of karma, some are happy and lucky and some are sad and unfortunate. Even Eswara can't change it for his devotee lest he should be considered as unfair to others and biased against non-believers. Because the law of karma has no birth, and is fully intertwined with the universe, paramatma (the supreme) and jivatma (jiva's atma) are also beginningless--without birth.

కావున ఆత్మ శరీరభిన్న మనియు, శరీరముకంటె భిన్నమగు ఆత్మ యున్నదని చెప్పువాడే ఆస్తికుడనియు సిద్ధించుచున్నది. ఆస్తిక్యమనునది శాస్త్ర వ్యవహారముపై ఆధారపడియున్నది అను విషయమును "జస్తూనాం నరజన్మ దుర్లభమ్ ” అనునది సూచించుచున్నది. "తతః పుంస్త్వమ్ -స్త్రీకి వేదాధ్యయనాధికారము లేదు గాన, ఉపనిషత్తుల ద్వారా మాత్రమే తెలియదగిన ఆత్మను వారు తెలిసి కొనజాలరని అభిప్రాయము.

పై మూడు వర్గముల వారికిని వేదాధికారమున్నది. ఐనను క్షత్రియ వైశ్యులకు రాజ్యపాలనము కృషి మొదలగు చిత్తవిక్షేప హేతువులగు బాహ్య వ్యాపారము లెన్నియో ఉండుటచే శ్రద్ధా తాత్పర్యములతో ఆత్మవిచారము చేయుట వారికి అంతగ శక్యము కాదు. శ్రద్ధాతాత్పర్యములతో, ఇతర వ్యావృత్తి యేదియు లేకుండ బ్రహ్మ విచారము చేయుటకు ప్రధాన సాధనము సన్న్యాసము. "ముఖజానామయం ధర్మశ్రీ వైష్ణవం లిఙ్గధారణమ్, బాహు జాతోరు ఖాతానాం నాయం ధర్మో విధీయతే (వైష్ణవమగు ఈ లింగధారణము, సన్న్యాసము బ్రాహ్మణులకే ధర్మము. ఇది క్షత్రియ వైశ్యు లకు విహితము కాదు)

ఇత్యాది స్మృత్యనుసారముగ వారికి సన్న్యాస గ్రహణావకాశము లేదుగాన ఒకే జన్మలో వారికి బ్రహ్మ సాక్షాత్కా రము దుర్లభమని సూచించుటకై "ద్విజత్వం తతః” అనికాశ "తతో విప్రతా" అని చెప్పబడినది. (ద్విజత్వం అన్నచో బ్రాహణ క్షత్రియ వైశ్యులలో ఎవ్వరైన అగుట యని యర్థము వచ్చును.) "బ్రాహ్మణస్య తు దేహోజయం నోపభోగాయ కల్పతే, క్లేశాయ మహతే ప్రీత్యానన్త సుఖాయ చ" (ఈ బ్రాహ్మణ దేహము భోగములను అనుభవించుటకు కాదు; ఈ లోకములో ఎన్నియో కష్టములనుభవించి మరణానంతరము అనంత సుఖానుభవము కొరకు) అను వసిష్ఠ స్మృత్యనుసారము వేద విహితములగు ప్రవృత్తి (కర్మ) నివృత్తి (జ్ఞాన) ధర్మముల ననుష్ఠించుటచే బ్రాహ్మణుడు ఒక్క జన్మయందే బ్రహ్మసాక్షాత్కారమును పొంద సమర్థు డగునని భావము. అందుచేతనే "తస్మా ద్వైదికధర్మ మార్గపరతా" అని చెప్పబడినది.

ఆ పొంద వలసిన దానిని (ఆత్మ సాక్షాత్కారమును). పొందుటకు కేవలము బ్రాహ్మణుడైనంత మాత్రమున చాలదు. బ్రాహ్మణజన్మమెత్తి విహిత ధర్మాచరణము చేతనే అది లభించునని భావము, "ధర్మో విశ్వస్య జగతః ప్రతిష్ఠా" (ఈ ప్రపంచము అంతయు విలుచుటకు ధర్మమే కారణము). "ధర్మేణ పాప మనసుదతి” (ధర్మముచే పాపమును తొలగించుకొనుచున్నాడు) అను శ్రుతి వాక్య ములు, ధర్మమే సుఖ సాధనమనియు, దుఃఖమునకు హేతువగు పాపమును తొలగింప గలిగినది గూడ ధర్మమే యనియు, పాపమును తొలగించి దుఃఖము లేకుండ చేయునది ధర్మమే యనియు చెప్పుచున్నవి.

It is not enough if the sadhaka is a dwija. He has to follow dharma as prescribed in vedas. According to the scripture, dharma is the invisible force that binds us all. It is the main conveyance to wash away our sins and make us happy.

నాకు సుఖము కలుగవలెను, దుఃఖము కలుగకూడదు అని ప్రతిఒక్కడును కోరుకొనుచుండును. ఈ సుఖము అనగా దుఃఖాభావము అనెడు పురుషార్థమునకు సాధనమైనది ధర్మమే అనియు. "ధరతీతి ధర్మః" (ధరించునది గాన ధర్మము), 'ద్రియతే అనే నేతి ధర్మః' (దీనిచే జగత్తు ధరింపబడును గాన ధర్మము), అను వ్యుత్పత్తి ననుసరించి ధర్మమే జగత్ప్రతిష్ఠకు హేతువనియు శ్రుతిబోధితమగు విషయమును సూచించుటకై "వైదిక కర్మమార్గ పరతా" అని కాక "ధర్మమార్గ" అని చెప్పియున్నారు. వైదిక కర్మకూడ ధర్మమే యైనను 'కర్మ' శబ్దమును ప్రయోగించినచో ఇంత అర్ధము లభింపదు. దుఃఖము తొలగించుకొని సుఖమును సంపాదించుకొనుటకు ధర్మ భిన్నడుగు సాధనము వేరేదైన ఉన్నచో, ఎల్లరును ఆ సాధనమునే సంపాదించుకొని ఎల్లప్పుడును సుఖవంతులుగను, దుఃఖరహితులు గను ఉండెడివారు.

Everyone aspires to be happy and not look forward to sadness. Dharma is the necessary force to keep us cohesive and function as a single unit. If there is any other way, which we would know by now, then everyone could follow that path.

ధర్మమన్నచో ఇంద్రియములకు గోచరింపనిది; శాస్త్రముద్వారా మాత్రమే తెలియ దగినది. కావున జనులకు శాస్త్ర జ్ఞానము లేకున్నచో ధర్మజ్ఞానము కలుగదు. అందుచే సాధనము లభింపకపోవుటచే ఫలము కూడ లభ్యముకాదు అని చెప్పవచ్చును. ఈ విషయమునే ' వైదిక ' అను పదము సూచించుచున్నది.

Dharma can't be perceived with the five senses (eye, ear, skin, tongue, nose). It is known only through the study of scripture. Hence without knowing the scripture it is not possible for lay persons to follow dharma and receive its fruit. This is what the word"vaidika" implies.

"భోదన లక్షణో ఆర్థో ధర్మః" అను సూత్రముచే జైమిని మహర్షి "వేదవిహితమైనదే ధర్మము" అని ధర్మలక్షణమును చెప్పియున్నారు. 'వైదిక’ అను విశేషణము ఆ విషయమునే సూచించుచున్నది. వేదము తప్ప మరి యేప్రమాణముచేతను ధర్మస్వరూపమును తెలియ శక్యముకాదు. ధర్మము ఇంద్రియగోచరము గాదు; అందుచే ప్రత్యక్ష ప్రమాణమునకు ఇచట తావులేదు. అనుమాన ప్రమాణము ప్రత్యక్షముపై ఆధారపడి యున్నది.

అందుచే అదిగూడ ప్రవర్తింప జాలదు. ప్రత్యక్షాది ప్రమాణములచే తెలిసిన విషయములనే లౌకిక శబ్దము బోధించును. కావున వేదభిన్నమగు శబ్దప్రమాణముకూడ ఇచ్చట ప్రసరింపదు. స్మృతులు స్వతఃప్రమాణములు (తమంతట తాముగ ప్రమాణములు) కావు. అవి పురుషనిర్మితములు. పురుషులకు భ్రమము, ప్రమాదము మొదలగు దోషము లుండుటకు అవకాశ మున్నది. అందుచే వారు రచించిన గ్రంథములు కూడ నిర్దుష్టములని చెప్పుటకు వీలులేదు గాన అప్రమాణములే యను శంక కలుగుచునే యుండును.

దానిని వారించుటకై అపౌరుషేయములు (పురుష రచితములు కానివి) అగుటచే దోషలేశముకూడ ఉండుటకు వీలులేని శ్రుతులను అనుసరించి రచించిన వగుటచేతనే స్మృతులు ప్రమాణములు అని చెప్పవలసియున్నది. కావున వేదవ్యతిరిక్తమగు శబ్దము ధర్మము విషయమున స్వతః ప్రమాణము కాదు అని తేలినది.

Vedas are not authored by any human (apourisheya). Hence they are called "sruti". The other kinds of scripture derived from vedas and written by persons is called "smriti". One can wonder how did the authors of smritis know about dharma? If it is obtained by yogic practices, then how did they get that ability? Where did they hear or learn about dharma? Hiranyagarbha, the first person born, learnt about dharma from the vedas given to him by parameswara. So we look up to sruti to know about dharma.

Hence Sankara's usage of"vaidika" or derived from vedas is apt. Dharma can only be learnt from vedas.

ఈ స్మృతిక ర్త లైనను అతీంద్రియమగు ధర్మమును గూర్చి ఎట్లు తెలిసికొనగల్గిరి? యోగజన్యమగు సామర్థ్యముచే అన్నచో, ఆ సామర్థ్యముమాత్రము వారి కెట్లు లభించినది? ధర్మానుష్ఠానముచే లభించిన దన్నచో, ధర్మమెట్లు తెలిసినది? మొట్టమొదట సృష్టింపబడిన హిరణ్యగర్భునికి కూడ ఈశ్వరుడు ఇచ్చిన వేదమునుబట్టియే ధర్మజ్ఞానము కలిగినది అని. "యో బ్రహ్మాణం విదధాతి పూర్వం యో వై వేదాంశ్చ ప్రహిణోతి తస్మై" — ఏ పరమాత్మ మొదట బ్రహ్మను సృజించి, అతనికి వేదములను అందజేసెనో...." ఇత్యాదిగ శ్రుతులు చెప్పు చున్నవి. ఆ హిరణ్యగర్భుని విషయమే ఇట్లున్నచో ఇతరుల మాట ఏమిచెప్పవలె? కావున 'వైదిక' అని చెప్పుట యుక్తమే. (ఈ 'వైదిక' పదము) ‘అబ్బక్షాః' 'వాయుభక్షాః' ('జలమును భక్షించువారు', 'వాయువును భక్షించువారు" అనునపుడు జలమునుమాత్రమే, వాయువును మాత్రమే అను నర్థము వచ్చినట్లు) ఇత్యాదు లందువలె " ధర్మము వేదముద్వారా మాత్రమే తెలియును' అని బోధించుచున్నది.

ఇచట 'ధర్మ' శబ్దము ప్రవృత్తి ధర్మమును (కర్మను), నివృత్తి ధర్మమును (కర్మసన్న్యాసమును) కూడ బోధించును. కావుననే గీతాభాష్యము నందు "వేదో క్త ధర్మము ప్రవృత్తిరూపము, నివృత్తిరూపము అని రెండువిధములు' అని చెప్పబడియున్నది.

Dharma is of two kinds: "pravrutti" or done with karma and "nivrutti" or renunciation of karma. To obtain perennial happiness or bliss dharma is the only means. The nivrutti dharma followed by ascetics facilitates the merger with brahman after gaining deep knowledge about upanishads. The pravrutti dharma, by engendering karma, helps one attain dispassion and cleanses the mind and intellect (antah karana that are four in number viz. manas, budhi, ahamkaara and chitta. Manas and budhi stand for mind and intellect. Ahamkara is the ego. And chitta is memory) that are necessary for an ascetic.

నిత్యమగు సుఖమును సంపాదింపవలె నన్నచో ధర్మ మొక్కటియే సాధనము; ఇక దీనిని అపేక్షింపబనిలేదు అని కర్మమీమాంసకులు చెప్పుదురు. 'మార్గ' అని చెప్పుచు వారి యభిప్రాయము నిర్దుష్టము కాదని సూచించుచున్నారు. సన్న్యాసరూపమగు నివృత్తి ధర్మము, పరమపురుషార్థ సాధనమగు బ్రహ్మసాక్షాత్కారమునకు సాధనమగు ఉపనిషద్విచారమునకు హేతువు. నిష్కామకర్మానుష్ఠాన రూపమగు ప్రవృత్తి ధర్మము సన్న్యాసమునకు సాధనమగు వైరాగ్య మునకు హేతువైన చిత్తశుద్ధిని కల్గించును.

ఈ రెండువిధములగు ధర్మములును ఈ విధముగ అవశ్యకములు. అంతియే కాని నిరతిశయసుఖమును ఈ రెండు ధర్మములుగూడ ప్రత్యక్షముగ ఈయ జాలవని సూచింపబడినది. భగవంతుడగు బాదరాయణుడు ఈ విషయమునే ఈ క్రింది శ్లోకములో చెప్పియున్నాడు

"ధ్యాని మావథ పంథానౌ యత్ర వేదాః ప్రతిష్ఠితాః, 
ప్రవృత్తి లక్షణో ధర్మో నివృత్తిశ్చ ప్రకీర్తిత"

(ప్రవృత్తిధర్మము, నివృత్తిధర్మము అనునవి ఈ రెండును రెండుమార్గములు: వీనియందే వేదముల తాత్పర్యము).

కావున ఉపనయనానన్తరము బ్రాహ్మణుడు —

"వేదో నిత్యమధీయతాం తదుదితం కర్మ స్వనుష్ఠియతాం తేనేశస్య విధీయతా మపచితిః కామ్యే మతిస్త్యజ్యతామ్, పాపౌఘః పరిధూయతాం భవసుఖే దోషో అ సునన్దయతాం ఆత్మేచ్ఛా వ్యవసీయతాం నిజగృహాత్తూర్ణం వినిర్గమ్య తామ్. సంగః సత్సు విధీయతాం భగవతో భక్తిర్దృఢాధీయతాం, శాన్త్యాదిః పరిచీయతాం దృఢతరం కర్మాకు నన్త్యజ్యతామ్,"

Sankara advises in Sopana Panchaka to a bachelor during thread marriage or upanayana: "Study vedas every day, perform karma prescribed by vedas, give up desires and karma done to satisfy desires, avoid sin, understand the defects of samsara or bondage, develop keenness to realize atma, leave your home, mix with devotees, develop strong devotion, enhance sattva guna".

నిత్యమును వేదాధ్యయనము చేయుడు. దానియందు విధింపబడిన కర్మలు ఆచరింపుడు. దానిచే ఈశ్వరునకు ప్రీతి కలిగింపుడు, కామ్య కర్మయందు ఆసక్తిని విడువుడు. పాపసముదాయము తొలగించు కొనుడు. సంసార సుఖమునందలి దోషమును గుర్తింపుడు. ఆత్మ విషయమున ఇచ్ఛను పెంపొందించుకొనుడు. వెంటనే స్వగృహ మును విడచిపొండు. సత్పురుషుల సంగముచేయుడు. భగవంతునిపై దృఢమగు భక్తి సంపాదింపుడు. శాన్త్యాదికము వృద్ధి పొందించు కొనుడు. దృఢతరమైన కర్మను శీఘ్రముగా విడువుడు అని సోపాన పంచకమున (శంకరభగవత్పాద విరచితము) చెప్పబడిన విధమున ఈశ్వరార్పణ బుద్ధితో కర్మచేయుచు, చిత్తమును నిర్మలము కావించు కొని, విషయములనుండి వైరాగ్యమును బొంది కర్మలనుండి విర మింపవలెను అని బోధింపబడినది.

మోక్షధర్మమునందు గూడ- "తాదృశం బ్రాహ్మణస్యాస్తి విత్తం యథైకతా సమతా సత్యతా చ శీలం స్థితిరణ నిధాన మార్జవం తతస్త తశ్చో పరతిః క్రియాభ్యం.”

ఏకాకిత్వము, సమత్వము, సత్యము, శీలము, స్థితి, అహింస, ఋజుత్వము, క్రమముగ కర్మలనుండి నివర్తించుట అను వీటితో సమానమైన ధనము బ్రాహ్మణునకు లేదు అని చెప్పబడినది.

Aloofness, equanimity, truth, character, non-violence, straightforwardness, renouncing karma (nivrutti) are the assets par none for a mumukshu.

"విద్వత్త్వమస్మాత్ఫరమ్" - ప్రవృత్తిధర్మము విషయమున దీనిఅర్థమును ఈ విధముగ చెప్పవలెను. “యదేవ విద్యయా కరోతి శ్రద్ధయోపనిషదా తదేవ వీర్యవత్తరం భవతి" అను ఛాందోగ్య శ్రుతి ననుసరించి చేసెడి కర్మను దాని కంగములగు మంత్రములు అర్థ జ్ఞానముతో చేసినచో అధికఫలము లభించును అని చెప్పినట్లైనది. కావుననే ఆ ఘట్టమునందలి భాష్యములో "ఒక వర్తకునకు ఒక ఆటవికుడు పద్మరాగ మాణిక్యమును అమ్మినపుడు, వర్తకునకు జ్ఞానము అధికముగ నుండుటవలన అధిక ఫలము లభించుట లోకమున కానవచ్చుచునే యున్నదికదా" అని చెప్పబడినది.

The pravutti or worldly dharma, according to Chandogya upanishad, is best achieved by knowing the meaning of mantras. To illustrate it was said that the value of a precious stone is better known by a goldsmith than a miner who finds it.

నివృత్తి ధర్మవిషయమున దీని యర్థమిట్లు:- 'సన్న్యస్య శ్రవణం కుర్యాత్ ' సన్న్యసించి శ్రవణము చేయవలెను అని విధించుటవలన, సన్న్యసించిన పిమ్మట వేదాన్త వాక్యములు శ్రవణము చేయుటచే జనించిన పరోక్షజ్ఞానము కలిగి యుండుటయే విద్వత్త్వము.

Sankara used the word"vidwat" which means, after turning into an ascetic, the ability to gain indirect knowledge about brahman by listening to the upanishads.

ఆస్మాత్పరం ఆత్మానాత్మ వివేచనమ్:_

ఈ విషయము మున్ముందు గ్రంథమునందు స్పష్టమగును. దీనిచే, వినిన విషయమును యుక్తులచే దృఢము చేసికొనుటకై చింతనము చేయుట యను మననమును చెప్పినట్లైనది. ఈ మననము సంశయమును తొలగించును. దాని తరువాత నిదిధ్యాసనము చేయగా కల్గిన బ్రహ్మ సాక్షాత్కారరూపమగు 'స్వనుభవము' చెప్పబడినది.

శ్రవణ మననముల వలన కలిగిన అనుభవము విపరీత జ్ఞానమును తొలగించెడు నిది ధ్యాసనము లేకున్నచో స్థిరముగ నిలువజాలదు గాన అది 'స్వను భవము' అని చెప్పబడినది.

The phrase"swanubhava" means reflecting in mind and intellect on the knowledge gained by listening to the upanishads, meditating over them and clearing doubts about them. The experience gained by listening to scripture gets reinforced when it is reminisced.

దీనిచే శుభేచ్ఛ (శాస్త్రసజ్జనసంపద్యాభిలాష) విచారణ (సదాచార ప్రవృత్తి), తనుమానస(విషయాభిలాష క్షీణించుట) సత్త్వాపత్తి (సత్త్వగుణాభివృద్ధి) అను నాల్గు జ్ఞానభూమికలను సూచించడమైనది.

“బ్రహ్మాత్మనా సంస్థితిః ముక్తి" అనునపుడు వాసనాక్షయ మనోనాశనములతో గూడిన స్వనుభవమును బోధించు “సంస్థితి' శబ్దముచే అసంసక్తి (సంగ రాహిత్యము), పదార్థాభావనా (ఆత్మైక దృష్టి ఏర్పడుటచే బాహ్యాన్తర పదార్థములను గుర్తింపక పోవుట), తుర్యగా (అద్వైతాత్మ స్థితి) అను భూమికలు కూడ సూచింపబడినవి. ఈ భూమికాసప్తకము సర్వవేదాన్త సిద్ధాన్త సారసంగ్రహములో 989-948 శ్లోకములలో విపులముగ వర్ణింపబడినది.

దీనిచే సాలోక్య, సామీప్య, సారూప్య, సాయుజ్యము లనునవి ముఖ్యమైన ముక్తులు గావను విషయము గూడ సూచితమైనది. ఈ నాల్గును సగుణ విషయకములేగాన మిథ్యాభూతములే. సగుణ రూపమునకు పరిచ్ఛేదత్రయశూన్యత్వరూపమగు బ్రహ్మత్వమును జెప్పుట కుదరదు -కదా!

సాలోక్యాదులకు దేవుని లోకము నందుండుట, సమీపము నందుండుట, సమానరూపముతో నుండుట, దేవునితో కలియుట అని అర్థము. ఈ కాలము నందున్నది అని చెప్పుట కాలతః పరిచ్ఛేదము. ఈ ప్రదేశము నందున్నది అని చెప్పుట దేశతః పరిచ్ఛేదము. ఇది దానికంటె భిన్నము అని చెప్పుట వస్తుతః పరిచ్ఛేదము. బ్రహ్మకు ఈ మూడు పరిచ్ఛేదములు లేవు. అనగా అది సర్వదా ఉన్నది. అంతట ఉన్నది. తద్భిన్నమగునది ఏదియు లేదు.

కల్పితములగు సకలవిధోపాధుల సంబంధములేని నిత్యము, శుద్ధము, బుద్ధము, ముక్తము ప్రత్యగాత్మభిన్నము అగు పరిపూర్ణ స్వరూపమున ఉండుటయే 'బ్రహ్మాత్మనా సంస్థితి'. అట్టి కైవల్యమే ముక్తి. అది శతకోటి జన్మకృతములగు పుణ్యములు లేకున్నచో లభింపదు అని అన్వయము.

Friday, June 28, 2024

Bhagavata Skanda 12 Eng HTML Final

Introduction

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To tide over Kali yuga, singing the Lord's praises is the key. The grace of the Lord can only be felt by the hymns. Those singing praises of the Lord with ardent devotion will easily be liberated.


The river Ganga is considered holy because it cleanses sin when one bathes in it, drinks its water or touches it. With the arrival of Sri Krishna, river Ganga lost its glory. Both Ganga and Sri Krishna's praises can cleanse our sins. But only Sri Krishna's praises can offer salvation.


Tukaram sang"Panduranga, the holy Ganga that can remove the stress of devotees flows from your feet. By chanting your name we have been uplifted from sin"


There are thirteen chapters in this Skanda. The first six chapters cover the conversation between Suka Brahma and Pareekshit. The rest will encompass the discourse of Soota to the Sounaka et al.


Pareekshit wanted to know who ruled the earth after Sri Krishna's egress. Suka Brahma said the last born in Bhruhadratha dynasty called Puranjaya became the king. His minister Sunaka killed him and made his son Pradyota as the king. Palaka was the son of Pradyota. His son was Visakhayoopa whose son was Janaka. Nandi Vardha was the son of Janaka. Sisnaabha was his son whose son is Kaakapaksha. Kshemadhanva was his son. His son was Kshetraja. Kshatradharmaja was the son of Kshetraja. Mourya dynasty came much later. Chandragupta and Asoka were mentioned.


Kali

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In Kali yuga kings will be cruel and make their kingdoms topsy turvy. Brahmins will not undergo thread ceremonies and don't follow the karma prescribed by veda. Kings ingesting cow meat rule the land and torment their subjects.


The people will be arguing about the character and tradition of kings. This leads to quarrels among them. Some will perish by the ire of the kings. Dharma will shrink. Truth will be hard to find. Kindness shrivels. One's greatness is determined by the amount of wealth he is able to gather. Whatever the wealthy class call dharma and justice will be followed. Based on the riches one is measured as noble and chaste.


In daily buy-sell transactions the gift of gab will rule. Dharma will be ignored. Men and women move about based on mutual attraction rather than tradition. A brahmin will be satisfied with thread marriage and won't do the daily salutations to the sun.


Marriages will be performed without the traditional rationality. Here money rules but not good character. People ignore dharma in order to fill their stomachs. One flouting dharma will reiterate himself as a follower of dharma and people will support him. A truthful person is nowhere to be found.


When people do some good, it is for fame. Thus, the kingdoms will be full of people of low character. There will be famines that prompt migration of people. Diseases run rampant. Because of diseases, the longevity of people will be diminished. The people adhering to vedas will be rare. The rulers turn out to be thieves. Consequently the subjects will be resorting to thievery and living with lies. They will be violent. Marriages between genetically unsuitable people will be performed. To restore Dharma god will be born with sattva guna in a village called Sambala to a brahmin called Vishnuyasassu. He will be known as Kalki who rides a horse called Devadatta. He slays cruel and violent people including kings. His reign is followed by Kruta yuga.


Suka Maharshi said"As soon as Sri Krishna avatara ended Kali yuga started. In this yuga people are bent on committing sin. Kingdoms are not permanent. So many kings ruled and died on this land. Those believing body is permanent and carrying out sinful acts will end up in hell"


"The kings in Kali yuga think that since they inherited the kingdom from their parents, their children must get the kingdom regardless of qualification. They don't know about self and will consider the whole earth as their domain. So many kings ruled this earth. By being arrogant they perished and left us their stories after they are gone" said Sukha Maharshi.


Time won't forgive anyone. Only dharma follows us after death. People of good character and virtuous will follow dharma no matter what situation they are thrown in. Following them is the way to attain salvation.


Kali

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Suka Maharshi was telling Pareekshit that kings wanted to conquer the land. They might conquer some of it, but could they live long enough? The earth was laughing at the royals who were puppets in the hands of the lord of death.


Every king said"This land is mine". But how long could he say that? Goddess earth was amused even the intelligent ones among the kings were unable to grasp the truth. The kings waged wars and desired to conquer the world without realizing that death was close by.


A king who earns fame by conquering land and destroying enemies is not any more greater than an ascetic conquering his senses. In reality the senses are the man's enemies. The senses that are closeby are dangerous enemies rather than the men afar whom we consider as enemies. The ascetic who conquers senses is eligible to receive unlimited fruit.


"The kings came and went. Even then those still alive are unable to grasp the truth. The love of royalty creates bondage. The parents and children could become mutually hating enemies. Similarly brothers become enemies to one another. The earth that belongs to none will be fought over resulting in death."


"King, I told you the truths revealed by Goddess Earth. It is also called Bhoomi Gita. There is no higher purpose to know about the various kings. I wanted to create dispassion in you with Bhoomi Gita. When all inauspiciousness is removed, the mind will be fully focused on Lord Krishna" said Suka Brahma.


The emperors like Sagana, Maandhaati; demons like Hiranyakasipu, Vrutra, Ravana; coveted kingdoms, spent their lives for them and ended up in cremation ground without achieving anything. Suka Maharshi told Pareekshit the clamor for kingdom was a delusion worthy of giving up. Only chanting Lord Hari's name was the sole refuge for a seeker of liberation.


Pareekshit asked"Please tell me how to overcome the faults of Kali. Also please tell me about yugas and the dharma associated with them. What are cataclysm (pralayam), kalpa (a day of Brahma Deva)?"


Suka Maharshi said"In Kruta yuga dharma stands on four legs: truth, kindness, penance and almsgiving. People will be content with control over senses and kindness for others. They will me meditative and equanimous"


"In Treta yuga, dharma loses one fourth of the four legs. People perform three fourths of each leg. They add lies, violence, unhappiness and enmity to truth, kindness, penance and almsgiving."


"In Dwapara yuga, dharma loses one half of each of its four legs. Lies, violence, unhappiness, enmity will combine with equal amounts of truth, kindness, penance and almsgiving. In Kali yuga, only one fourth of the dharma's legs have the auspicious qualities. Over time they too will be destroyed" said Suka Maharshi.


"In Kali yuga people will be covetous, perform wicked acts bereft of kindness. They start fights without reason and are greedy. Whereas in Kruta yuga sattva guna, in Treta yuga rajas, in Dwapara yuga rajas and tamas, in Kali yuga tamas will be predominant."


"The influence of Kali is indescribable. Because of Kali the retarded, ignorant, gluttonous, lustful people will be prominent including women with unfettered freedom. The rulers will be sucking the life out of their subjects."


"Bandits and thieves proliferate. Atheists condemn what is in vedas. People will be subservient to carnal lust. Even brahmins will be seeking every sensual and carnal pleasure. Celibates won't perform the necessary rituals. Householders rather than giving alms, seek alms from others. The retired people will be living amidst civilization rather than forests. Sanyasis will be greedy. Women will be shorter and have many children. They speak harshly and won't have shame"


"Servants will go against their masters. People will be suffering with famines. They quarrel amongst themselves for money. The aging parents are neglected and obeisance to god is a rare sight"


"King, even though Kali yuga has many faults, it has a caveat that all men can take advantage of. Thus the key to overcome Kali is available in itself. All of Kali's faults are mitigated by the Lord Krishna's name" said Suka Maharshi.


The glory

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The pleasure obtained from chanting the Lord's names is indescribable. One can attain paramatma through chanting his name. This is the real fortune of Kali yuga when by chanting the Lord's name one can attain liberation.


The other side of the coin is praising the Lord's gunas and escapades. One has to be emotionally attached to the Lord and be his devotee. Then one with love has to sing the Lord's praises.


Suka Brahma said"Just as the fire within gold will make the impurities go away, when the Lord Narayana is situated in the heart and mind, they will be purified"


A man spends most of the day earning money and then sleeps. Why doesn't he spend the sleeping time to make more wealth? It is because sleep is very essential to his survival. Similarly chanting the Lord's name everyday is a must like food and sleep.


There is no set time to chant. Nor a location. One can chant at all times and places. Mind can recall the memories, just as it can forget them. A hymn reminds the mind about the Lord. So chanting hymns has to become second nature.


Garuda Purana said"Don't be afraid of the fire like quality of sin. The fire of the sin will be doused by the rain from the clouds of Lord's name"


Suka Maharshi said"In Kali yuga singing Lord's praises will yield the same benefit as chanting Lord Vishnu's name in Kruta yuga, performing yagna in Treta yuga and serving others in Dwapara yuga"


Chaitanya Maha Prabhu said"In Kali yuga there is no other refuge than Lord' name. Hence pray to Hari"


Tulasi Das said"Yoga, yagna and transcendental knowledge won't help in Kali yuga. There is no other way than singing the praises of Lord Rama's gunas"


In Adi Purana Achyuta told to Arjuna"I am indebted to one who always chants my name and lives close to me"


Those reciting Lord's name in between daily activities like eating and walking, will get the most benefit from the Lord. If one can intermix feelings of love and devotion such praises will yield most effect and cleanse the impurities of mind and intellect


Creation and Devolution

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Pareekshit asked Suka Maharshi about creation and destruction of the universe. Suka said thus. One kalpa is the time of creation. When the four yugas repeat a thousand times, then it will be one day for Brahma. During this time, earth will be ruled by fourteen manus. A kalpa can be an ordinary one or maha. Pralaya is a cataclysm when the universe will be underwater.


The first kind of pralaya is naimittika. This happens when it is night for Brahma. During this time Lord Narayana keeps all the life in him and lies on Adi Seshu in yoga nidra.


The second kind of pralaya is prakrutika. After day and night for Brahma, all the five basic elements, mahat, ahankaara and the seven prakrutis will be subject to pralaya. During this time, for a hundred years, there won't be any rains. People kill each other for food. Later the universe will be subjected to intense heat by the sun. Then clouds are gathered by the wind and they will rain for a hundred years. Everything will be submerged under water.


The third kind of pralaya is atyantika which means salvation. All life will be merged with Brahma. One can ask when the world is as real as self, how can it merge? Like a snake superimposed on a rope, paramatma is seen as the world. So when paramatma is realized the illusion of the world will disappear. Since intellect is also seen, it is also unreal. Along with it the three states of existence: wakeful, dream sleep, deep sleep are also unreal.


There is no multiplicity in a real entity like Self. The multiplicity is only perceived when one sees self in different bodies. Accordingly, each body will have an ego that will fall when self is realized.


When a cloud cover recedes, the sun will be seen by the eye. Similarly when a jiva realizes self, resulting in the fall of ego, then Brahma will come to experience.


The fourth kind of pralaya is nitya or perennial. This is the flow of time when the current instance of time will undergo laya (destruction) and a new instance of time will take its place. Like a pot with a hole, holding water, leaks constantly, the body is withering away with each passing moment. Like a wick lamp that shines at one time and turns off at another, a river that flows with water becomes dry at a later time, body is coming and moving out of existence. This is the nitya pralaya.


Fear of Death

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Suka Maharshi advised Pareekshit to lose fear over death. He said"You are not limited by time. The body comes and falls in time. You were there before birth and will be there after the death as birth and death are only for the body. People not knowing this will feel sad over death. Please remove this ignorance out of your mind"


A pot is finite, whereas the sky is limitless. Because of the containers they are held in, one calls the space inside a pot also as sky. When the pot breaks, the sky inside the pot merges with the sky outside. This is a misperception because the two never were separated. Can the limitless sky ever break into pieces? A pot was made with a timestamp. Hence it will break. The sky has neither beginning nor ending. Similarly a body will fall but the self will always be there. Just as the sky in the pot merges with the sky outside, the self of a jiva will be merged with the Self of paramatma.


Mind attributes body, gunas and karma to the self because of maya. The bondage of jiva is due to maya. The self was never in bondage and won't grow or shrink. Hence the mind should be devolved into self. When the mind which is the cause devolves the effect called the world disappears.


"Lord Vishnu's exalted place is where mind devolves" said Upanishad. When there is fire, there is smoke. Conversely without fire there is no smoke. Without the body, a product of maya, there is no world.


Varaha Upanishad said"One has to renounce the duality associated with multiplicity and realize that the vital force in the heart is self"


"King, keep your mind concentrated in such a state. The serpent Takshaka can't do anything to you. How can the vital force have death?"


"Takshaka provoked by Srungi's curse can't annihilate you. How can death approach one who has mastered death? Pareekshit, being self realized, Takshaka may annihilate your body but not your self" said Suka Maharshi.


"King, I answered all of your questions about the escapades of Sri Hari. Let me know what else you want to hear" said Suka Brahma


In Naimisa forest Soota was telling Sounaka et al."Pareekshit after listening to the Sri Hari's escapades from Suka Yogi prostrated before him"


"Father, please give me permission. I will restrain my senses, mind, intellect, make my heart free from desires, and focus on paramatma. My ignorance was removed by your discourse on self realization" said Pareekshit.


After Suka Brahma left, Pareekshit entered yoga samadhi. Takshaka started his journey to fulfill Srungi's curse. On the way he met a brahmin called Kasyapa. He realized that the brahmin had the power to neutralize his venom and thus save King Pareekshit. To test him, he spread his venom on a tree which immediately was reduced to ashes. The brahmin gave the anti-dote and the tree sprung back to life. Takshaka gave him whatever money he desired and sent him back. He then transformed into a brahmin and arrived at the banks of river Ganga.


Katha Upanishad said"One who realizes self before the body withers will be free from all calamities. One not knowing this will be reborn"


Much before Takshaka came, Pareekshit renounced his body by merging with self. Takshaka didn't know how to kill a person transcending death. He stung the body that was inert like dry wood. The venom destroyed Pareekshit's body. Soota Maharshi felt this was like an act a son would do to the father when he died.


Pareekshit was reduced to ashes. Devas beat the drums. Gandharvas showered flowers on earth. Janamejaya came to know that his father was annihilated. He summoned brahmins and started a yagna to kill all serpents. Various serpents rained down on the fire and were annihilated. Takshaka ran to Indra and sought his protection.


Janamejaya came to know about Takshaka's ploy. He ordered the brahmins to pull him along with Indra. So both Indra and Takshaka were being pulled into the fire. Watching this extraordinary spectacle, the son of Angeerasa, Bruhaspati said"King Janamejaya, it is not fair to kill the king of serpents Takshaka. Jivas experience birth and death based on karma. One should not blame others for his happiness or sadness. Please don't think that the reason for your father's death is Takshaka. Jivas perish in time. There has to be a reason for men to die like: snakes, thieves, fire, water, famine, illness and so on. There is no choice for a jiva. Hence this yagna to kill all serpents better be stopped"


Janamejaya followed Bruhaspati's advice and stopped the yaga. He worshiped Bruhaspati and went back to his palace.


The mind that blames others for one's condition is dangerous. The mind with ignorance sees faults in others. Soota told Sounka et al. that a devotee of Lord Vishnu refraining from blaming others and enmity with others will attain the Lord.


Markandeya

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"Mahatma, we heard that Markandeya rishi during cataclysm saw a child on a banyan tree leaf. Please tell us about him" said Saunaka to Soota


After thread marriage, Makandeya learnt vedas from his father. He was resplendent with penance, celibacy. He followed dharma and always was peaceful. He spent his time in meditation.


Indra wanted to put obstacles to Markandeya's penance and sent apsarasas, Manmatha, the cupid, and others. They approached Markandeya's ashram that was beautiful with trees, birds, lakes and such. Manmatha and cohorts tried their best to distract the ascetic but didn't succeed.


Like a lad who wakes up a sleeping snake and runs away after it wakes up, Indra's cohorts returned to heaven. Markandeya remained unperturbed and steadfast to his penance. Indra was amazed with the penance of the ascetic.


Lord Vishnu appeared before Markandeya in Nara-Narayana forms. Markandeya prostrated before them and worshiped them."Lord, you are all pervading, the substance of all forms, the creator, the destroyer. You are the refuge for the jivas caught in bondage. By serving you jivas fulfill their desires. I surrender to you" said Markandeya. Lord said "Brahmarshi, you restrained the mind and with unflinching devotion performed penance. I am impressed with your penance and wanted to satisfy you. Please tell me your wish".


Markandeya said"Lord, you take care of those surrendering to you. What else can I ask you? By your appearance you fulfilled all of my wishes. I want to see your form every day. That's all I ask for. That's my ardent wish. Because you encouraged me to seek a boon, I will ask for one. I am eager to experience your maya."


Lord Vishnu agreed and went to Badarika ashram.


Vishnu Maya

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One day as Markandeya was performing salutation to sun, on the bank of river Pushpabhadra, a storm raged. Soon the weather turned inclement. The oceans roared and the rivers swirled with whirlpools. The entire land was covered with cosmic waters. The ascetic was confused and remained in fear like a blind person. He went adrift with waves in the darkness. He was tired and weak. At that juncture he saw a child glowing like the sun on a leaf.


The child was in bluish hue and had a great aura. The ascetic got closer to the child. He was sucked into the child's body by its breath. There inside the child he saw the world as it was before the cosmic flood. He was amazed and happy. Earth, Devas-Asuras, insects, cattle, birds, people, villages, countries, Himalayas, his ashram were all visible to him. Just as he entered, he came out with the child's exhalation back into the cosmic waters. Out of curiosity he tried to hug the child who disappeared. Along with it the cosmic waters also disappeared. He found himself back in the ashram.


The only real thing is the self. The intellect perceives dualities which is as frightening as cataclysm. Intellect watches self with dismay like the ascetic seeing the child. On approaching, he will merge with the child as both are instances of the same self. Since self is the only reality, it is all encompassing. Unable to discern this, men are trying to seek pleasure in the world. This is futile as all happiness is within.


The collective is not different from the individual. This is what the ascetic gained by witnessing Lord's maya. Everything other than the Lord is maya. By recalling his experience with maya, he remained in bliss. He went into samadhi.


Maheswara with Markandeya

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Once Goddess Parvati and Lord Siva were moving in the sky and sighted Markandeya who was in deep samadhi. Paravati Devi said the ascetic was like the peace that returns after a storm and he should be granted a wish.


Lord Siva said"Devi, that ascetic is without a wish. He transcended all desires with ardent devotion toward Lord Vishnu. He is not even interested in salvation. I will still try"


The Lord and his wife approached the ascetic who did not look at them as he was in deep meditation. He was unaware of the world around him. Knowing about the ascetic, Lord Siva entered the sky in his heart ("dahara aakasa"). That made the ascetic come back to senses. Recognizing the Lord and the Goddess he saluted and worshiped them.


Lord Siva was satisfied and offered boons to him. He said"Maharshi, by the boons Trimoortis grant to the ascetics, they are able to gain liberation. Our ardent devotees are brahmins with good conduct; people who are peaceful, not seeking company of others, loving other creatures, not quarreling with anyone, equanimous. They are worthy of worship. We Trimoortis regard them highly."


"Men have to worship rivers, idols, Devas for a long time before they can be turned holy. Whereas ascetics like you make them holy just by sighting you. We salute the brahmins who do yoga samadhi, penance and adorn themselves with vedas. The sinners upon chanting your name, by seeing you or talking to you will be cleansed of their sins" said Lord Siva.


Markandeya was unimpressed by Lord Siva's hyperbole. After experiencing Lord Vishnu's maya and listening to the gracious words of Lord Siva, the ascetic said"Lord, your escapades are unimaginable to embodied beings like me. By saluting the jivas under your control you are being a good role model. Your influence will not lessen because of your salutations to people like me because of your maya even though you do it for the sake of good in the world. Will a magician come under the spell of his own magic?"


"Lord, what boon can I ask you by whose appearance men will become complete, feel happy like discovering their real self. However, I will ask you that my devotion for Lord Vishnu and his devotees be the same as what I have for you"


Lord Siva said"Markandeya, with Lord Vishnu's devotion you have fulfilled all desires. Your fame will remain forever. You won't experience old age and will live forever".


Summary

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Soota maharshi after discoursing on Bhagavata before Sounaka and other rishis, gave a summary of his discourse.


Soota maharshi said"Salutations to dharma of devotion for Sri Krishna. Salutations to the giver of all fruits. Salutations to brahmins. Now I recite the sanatana dharma"


King Pareekshit, after being cursed by a brahmin, decided to end his life and gave up eating food and drinking water. In this regard, the first skanda described the conversation between Pareekshit and Suka Brahma.


In the second skanda, yoga, worship, conversation between Brahma Deva and Narada, praise of Sri Hari's avataras, mahat, creation of the worlds were covered.


In the third skanda the conversations between Vidura and Uddava, Vidura and Maitreya were presented. The form of the Lord during the cosmic flood was described.


In the fourth skanda the creation process, Virata purusha's form, the slaying of Hiranyaksha, the origin of Swayubhavu manu, the half man and half woman creation was described. The stories of Sataroopa, Kardhama Prajapati's children, Kapila Deva avatara; the conversation between Kapila and Devahootu were presented. The origin of Mareechi and nine Brahmas, the destruction of Daksha yagna, the stories of Dhruva and Prudhu and Praacheena Barhi, discussion with Narada, the history of Priyavrata and Rushabha and Bharata were covered.


The birth of Devas and birds and the rest, the history of Vrutrasura, the birth and death of Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakasipa, the story of Prahlada, the description of Manvantara, the salvation of Gajendra, the avataras of Hayagriva and Matsya (fish) and Koorma (boar) and Nrusimha and Vamana, the churning of milky ocean, the battle between Devas and asuras, the birth of Ikshvaaku, the stories of Ila and Taropa, the history of Sukanya and Sarvati and Kuktsu and Khatwanga and Mandhaata and Soubhari and Sagaru were presented.


The story of Lord Rama, the sacrifice of Nimi, the birth of Janaka, the slaying of kings by Parasurama, the birth of Sri Krishna in Yadu dynasty, the description of Gokula, the slayings of demons like:Pootana, Sakatasura, Trunavarta, Bakasura and Aghasura, the hiding of cattle and gopas by Brahma Deva, the annihilation of Dhenukasura and Pralambasura, the ingestion of wildfire, the story of Kaliya, the service of brahmins' wives, raasa escapades, the pangs of separation by Gopikas, the death of Kuvalayapeeda, the killing of Chanoora and Mushtika and Kamsa were described.


The slaying of Kaala Yavana, the construction of Dwaraka, the kidnaping of Rukmini, the destruction of Narakasura and Yadu dynasty, the gita by Uddava, the end of Sri Krishna avatara, the dharma of yugas, the calamities in Kali yuga, the four types of cataclysm, the renunciation of body by Pareekshit, Markandeya's story, the glory of Surya were presented.


Soota Maharshi said"Rishis, all the things you wanted were described. In this holy scripture all the escapades of the Lord were described. The Lord will enter the hearts of whoever sings praises of Lord Hari, listens to his stories and dispels melancholy like wind scattering the clouds. The stories that don't praise the Lord Hari are false and forms of maya. The knowledge about self without the devotion to the Lord is meaningless. You gave me the privilege of discoursing on the Bhagavata that I learnt from Suka Brahma".


"Rishis, I described the glory of Sri Krishna whose story is worthy of praise and will remove all inauspiciousness. Those reading Bhagavata constantly will be freed from all obstacles" said Soota.


Bhagavata Significance

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Soota said "I salute the Lord who is praised by Varuna, Indra, Rudra, Marut Gana including the reciters of sama veda; is meditated upon by yogis and whose glory can't be perceived by the Devas and asuras."


1. Brahma Purana has 10000 slokas


2. Padma Purana has 55000 slokas


3. Sri Vishnu Purana has 23000 slokas


4. Siva Purana has 24000 slokas


5. Bhagavata has 18000 slokas


6. Narada Purana has 25000 slokas


7. Markandeya Purana has 9000 slokas


8. Agni Purana has 15400 slokas


9. Bhavishyat Purana has 14500 slokas


10. Brahma Vaivartha has 18000 slokas


11. Linga Purana has 11000 slokas


12. Varaha Purana has 24000 slokas


13. Skaanda Purana has 81000 slokas


14. Vamana Purana has 10000 slokas


15. Koorma Purana has 17000 slokas


16. Matsya Purana has 14000 slokas


17. Garuda Purana has 19000 slokas


18. Brahmanda Purana has 12000 slokas


Thus there are more than 400,000 slokas in Puranas



Viveka Sloka 16 Tel Eng

Telugu English All మేధావీ పురుషో విద్వానూహాపోహవిచక్షణః । అధికార్యాత్మవిద్యాయాముక్తలక్షణలక్షితః ॥ 16॥ మేధావీ = మేధావంతుడ...